Landed property, including the improvements made upon it. The term real refers to the stable and tangible assets in business, commerce or property. Conventionally, land is assumed not to depreciate over time and buildings have much longer life than other assets. Real-estate valuation depends both on location and measurement of its rent-earning capacity.

Cost represented in terms of physical units of measurement, as tons, miles, man-hours etc. or in terms of some measure of prices obtaining in the market or reference for comparison. Opposed to notional or imputed cost like environmental or human resources (development) costs.

The net assets of a company after allowing for changes in price levels. Also, net of any invisible or notional assets such as goodwill or royalty.

Ledger accounts are classified as: 1) personal and 2) impersonal. Impersonal a/cs are real (such as tangible assets) and nominal (such as rents wages etc.) 1) A record of transaction pertaining to a tangible asset. 2) These accounts are also called permanent accounts or balance sheet accounts.

A stand meant for free take away reading matter for workers in offices and factories. Topics generally relate to such matters as safety, health, economics etc. This free service is intended to improve employee – awareness and motivation.

An advertising term; refers to that section of the target audience who (are deemed to) read more than half of the advertisement copy. As awareness of ‘read most’ section of the audience helps develop most effective “Ad-copy” and in media-selection.

Change that is initiated in response to changing needs of the environment. It is a defensive posture as opposed to proactive change.

Time required for an organization or a system to react to a change either internal or external. It is a measure of buoyancy of a firm and of its competitiveness in a fast changing environment.

A mathematical technique in inter-business comparison and SWOT analysis. Reaction function expresses one firm’s optimal output as a function of the other firm’s optimal output in the Cournot model. The analysis helps decisioning on strategies to combat competition.

Nominal (money) wages converted into constant rupee by applying the general price index increase (or decrease) from the reference period.

Expenditure is real terms; obtained by reducing the monetary expenditure by the change in general price index. Similar as real income.

A logical or rational work system where adherence to prescribed patterns of action (rule) is expected. There is no scope for personalized relationship or discretion in doing or ordering individual work.

Make a business more efficient by reorganizing it. It is applied to the exercise of identifying the business focus for making the most of the strength of an organization and getting rid of the weakness that develop over time.

The motive of maximizing the marginal utility of a sacrifice. The assumption that buyer with the money at his disposal tends to derive maximum utility out of it.

A mode of ratio analysis whereby a primary ratio is divided into secondary ratios with which they are mathematically connected. The apex or privotal ratio is the Return on Investment (ROI) or Return on Total Assets (ROTA). This is the product of two ratios, viz, return on sales X Assets turnover ratio. These ratios may then be further broken into subratios giving the structure of a ratio pyramid.

Variables in a (organizational or corporate) system have certain dynamic relations which when taken together and analyzed give an idea of the strength or weakness of the system. Ratio analysis collates such ratios or relations for better insight and corrective actions to improve health of the system.

The quantitative relation between two similar magnitudes determined by the number of times one is contained in the other. It is a fraction of two similar or related quantities in which the numerator is measured with reference to (as a fraction of) the denominator.

Ranking different persons, projects or companies according to certain pre-fixed criteria or qualities or performance. Bonds or credit instruments are rated by accredited credit rating agencies.

Toxic climate emanating from oppressive, primitive and slave driving policy. Symptomatic of unbridled disorderly pursuit of selfish interests.

Taxes levied by local authorities including municipal authorities.